Find below his speech:
“Good afternoon. It is a pleasure to be here today with you at this conference about the future of investment in Argentina.
The G20 Leaders’ Summit takes place during difficult times for our country. We are going through a recession, and in recent months we have experienced an acceleration of inflation and a sharp depreciation of our currency.
Three elements have led us to this situation: inherited economic imbalances, idiosyncratic and global shocks, and our own mistakes.
Let me briefly discuss each of them. In 2015, Argentina was in default, with a large fiscal deficit, with almost no international reserves at the BCRA, with capital controls and high inflation. There were also price distortions, especially in the energy sector, that generated harmful incentives that transformed Argentina from being a net energy exporter to a net importer.
This legacy has left our country vulnerable to a sudden worsening of the international financial environment, amid high dependency on external financing. In addition, this year we faced the worst drought in decades in our country, explaining the loss of almost 10 billion dollars’ worth of exports.
It is also clear that we have made mistakes. The government has addressed the imbalances, but has underestimated the difficulty of correcting them. In particular, we have lacked the necessary consistency between three elements of our policies: the speed of fiscal and monetary corrections; the required adjustments in utility rates; and the fact that we have also underestimated the speed at which international financial conditions would change.
This combination of factors has led us to months of significant nominal uncertainty. I can summarize our experience in two figures: September’s core inflation was 7.6%, and the exchange rate rose by nearly 100% this year. Quite clearly, Argentina was in urgent need to recover a nominal anchor.
The inflation targeting regime in place until September had lost credibility and ceased to be an anchor for prices and expectations. For this reason, we have left it aside. This regime is, nonetheless, widely used and has allowed the vast majority of countries to control inflation. Under other conditions, I am sure that inflation targeting will also work in our country.
Two months ago, we radically changed our monetary policy framework. We believe that this framework, although old-fashioned, better fits the Argentine reality.
The key element here is the commitment to a zero monetary base growth until June, with an upward seasonal adjustment in December. This rule is strict, clear and easily verifiable; we actually expect it to be powerful in controlling inflation. The economics behind it are also very simple: there should be no excess pesos in the economy.
We overperformed our target in October, the first month of the program. And we will do it again in November. This is a remarkable contraction in monetary policy. Keep in mind that the monetary base had been growing at 2.2% per month prior to the date the new regime was launched.
This monetary contraction was necessary to recover nominal stability and reduce inflation expectations.
Implementing this rule was only possible because the BCRA no longer makes transfers to the Treasury to finance the fiscal deficit. The government will achieve a primary fiscal balance next year. This is key for the consistency of our monetary program.
Another important component of the monetary program is the definition of ranges of intervention and non-intervention in the foreign exchange market.
This guiding rule has two virtues. Firstly, it retains the benefits of a flexible exchange rate, allowing the country to smooth out real shocks; at the same time, it limits potential disruptions associated with extreme exchange rate values.
Secondly, this intervention and non-intervention ranges supplement the monetary base target. Monetary conditions can even be more contractive where international reserves are sold in the case the foreign exchange rate stands above the non-intervention range. At the other end of the string, the BCRA can increase the monetary base by buying foreign currency.
The non-intervention range was initially defined between 34 and 44 pesos per US dollar and is daily updated at a 3% monthly rate. The Monetary Policy Council will define during December the slope of the range for next year´s first quarter. The new rate of adjustment should be lower than the current one.
In this new policy regime, the interest rate is determined endogenously in the money market. The interest rate that the market required to meet the monetary base target reached 73.50%. However, since the beginning of the program, it started to fall down steadily to 61.25% today. Worth highlighting is that this decline in rates took place while we were contracting the monetary base beyond our target.
We know that the interest rate tends to be volatile in monetary targeting regimes. The money market may require higher or lower rates to reach our monetary base target in the future.
The results of the last two months on the monetary front are encouraging. As expected, the effect on inflation is not immediate, but we are already witnessing a slowdown in high frequency price indicators and inflation expectations. Despite recent movements in the exchange rate, volatility in this market has been dramatically reduced and the exchange rate remains within the non-intervention range.
On the fiscal front, the Treasury has also made remarkable progress on reducing the deficit.
On the external sector, for the first time in 21 months, the trade result recorded a surplus in September and remained positive in October. Also in the last two months we have seen a decisive drop in dollar purchases by individuals and companies, reaching their lowest level since the lifting of foreign exchange controls in December 2015.
In summary, dollar flows have completely turned around.
However, there is still much work ahead. Inflation remains high and our currency still overreacts to external and internal shocks.
This BCRA will be very cautious in the coming months. We are well aware of the risks that our economy faces. We will only increase the monetary base if the conditions allow it.
In particular, December is a month of high seasonality in the demand for money. Therefore, our monetary base target is 6% higher. However, in the same way that we have overperformed our monetary target in the last two months, we will do so in December if we perceive that the increase in the demand for money is not as projected.
This same criterion will be applied if the exchange rate were eventually to fall below the non-intervention range. We will expand the monetary base via foreign currency purchases only at a pace consistent with the growth in the demand for money.
We know that rebuilding confidence in our currency is a process that takes a long time and cannot be taken in a rush. We are convinced that we are on the right path to ensure lower inflation and sustainable and steady growth.
Thank you.”
